Mazandaran Association of Emergency Medicine Translational Health Reports 3092-6750 1 1 2024 12 28 The Role of Varicocelectomy in Enhancing Fertility Outcomes: A Review Article 1 6 212236 10.22034/thr.2024.212236 EN Ahmad Deylami Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran Mehran Frouzanian Student Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran 0000-0003-3221-8648 Mehdi Younesi Rostami Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran Behkam Rezaiemehr Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran Amirsaleh Abdollahi Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran 0000-0001-5715-7322 Mohadeseh Modanlu Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 0009-0000-7921-1414 Maryam Shahbazinia Department of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran 0009-0008-5021-5989 AmirReza Ranjbar Student Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 0009-0000-1431-894X Fatemeh Rajabian Student Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 0009-0003-1020-4891 Journal Article 2024 12 14 Varicocele is the leading cause of male infertility and can often be corrected or improved through a range of surgical and radiological methods. Consequently, it appears logical that varicocele should be treated in infertile men who have this condition. Varicocele, an enlargement of the pampiniform plexus veins affecting 15–20% of men, is more common in those with infertility concerns. Its impact on spermatogenesis is linked to oxidative stress, hypoxia, and immune responses, which may be alleviated by varicocelectomy. Varicocelectomy has been associated with improvements in sexual function, hormonal profiles, and fertility, particularly in men with hypogonadism. This review evaluates its effects on testosterone levels, semen quality, and fertility outcomes, highlighting the advantages of microsurgical varicocelectomy, such as improved sperm quality, higher spontaneous pregnancy rates, and fewer complications. However, patient outcomes depend on surgical indications, pre-existing conditions, and individual expectations.  Emerging evidence suggests that repairing varicoceles before assisted reproductive technology (ART) can enhance fertility outcomes. Further studies are needed to refine treatment criteria and expand options for diverse patient groups, including adolescents and men with pain-related varicoceles. The review also emphasizes the need for standardized diagnostic and treatment protocols. https://www.threports.com/article_212236_6094dd94609efb273c4f36e2051b3684.pdf