Translational Health Reports

Targeted Antimicrobial Therapy in Urosepsis: A Review of Clinical Evidence and Inflammatory Marker Dynamics

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Behkam Rezaiemehr 1
Reza Laripour 2
Ahmad Alikhani 3
Mohsen Yadollahi 4
Amirsaleh Abdollahi 5
Mehdi Younesi Rostami 1
Ahmad Deylami 1

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran

2 Infectious Diseases Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Infectious Diseases Department and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center and Transmissible Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

4 PhD Student in Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

5 Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22034/thr.2025.557936.1020
Abstract
Urosepsis is a severe, life-threatening condition caused by the rapid dissemination of urinary-tract pathogens into the bloodstream and an uncontrolled host inflammatory response. The emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms and the variability of immune activation in critically ill patients have made its management increasingly complex. Targeted antimicrobial therapy (TAT)—defined as the selection of antibiotics based on microbiological identification and susceptibility testing—embodies the principles of precision medicine, aiming to optimize treatment effectiveness while minimizing broad-spectrum exposure and the spread of resistance.


This review synthesizes the current evidence regarding the role of TAT in urosepsis, highlighting its effects on systemic inflammation, organ function, and clinical outcomes. Special attention is given to novel biomarkers such as Presepsin, neutrophil CD64 index, and Copeptin, examined alongside classical inflammatory mediators including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Collectively, these markers provide valuable insights into the interplay between pathogen control and immune modulation. The review also discusses diagnostic and operational barriers to implementing TAT, the variability of antimicrobial stewardship across institutions, and future research directions aimed at integrating biomarker-guided targeted therapy into individualized sepsis management.

Keywords

Urosepsis
Targeted antimicrobial therapy
Precision medicine
Inflammatory biomarkers
Presepsin
Neutrophil CD64
Copeptin

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